飞机要执行的任务不同，其飞机的形状和尺寸不同。
The tasks that airplanes need to perform vary, and the shape and size of their aircraft vary.
涡轮动力客机是代表性飞机。按照更新适航标准，具有自主知识产权的干线民用飞机，是由商用飞机有限责任公司于2008年开始研制的C919。
Turbopowered aircraft are highly representative aircraft. The first mainline civilian aircraft with independent intellectual property rights in accordance with the latest international airworthiness standards in China, the C919, was developed by China Commercial Aircraft Co., Ltd. in 2008.
接下来，我们来了解一下客机的基本结构。
Next, let's take a look at the basic structure of an airliner.
-飞机基本结构示意图-
-Schematic diagram of aircraft basic structure-
机身、驾驶舱
Fuselage, cockpit
飞机的机身将所有部件固定在一起。
The fuselage of an aircraft holds all its components together.
飞行员坐在机身前部的驾驶舱内。乘客和货物都装在机身后部。
The pilot is sitting in the cockpit at the front of the fuselage. Both passengers and cargo are loaded at the rear of the fuselage.
有些飞机在机身内携带燃料，有些飞机可以在机翼内携带燃料。
Some aircraft carry fuel inside the fuselage, while others can carry fuel inside the wings.
-机身-
-Fuselage-
机翼
wing
机翼产生大部分的升力让飞机在空中飞行。空气以空气动力阻力的形式抵抗运动。现代客机在机翼的使用小翼以减少阻力。
The wings generate most of the lift, allowing the aircraft to fly in the air. Air resists motion in the form of aerodynamic resistance. Modern airliners use small wings at the tip of their wings to reduce drag.
-机翼示意图-
-Wing schematic diagram-
襟翼
flap
机翼附近有额外铰接的后部，称为襟翼。
There is an additional hinged rear near the wing, called a flap.
在起飞和着陆时向下展开襟翼以增加机翼产生的力的大小。下次你乘坐飞机时，你可以注意一下，在起飞和着陆过程中机翼形状如何变化。
Expand the flaps downwards during takeoff and landing to increase the amount of force generated by the wings. Next time you take a plane, you can pay attention to how the wing shape changes during takeoff and landing.
副翼、扰流板
Ailerons, spoilers
机翼的外侧铰接部分称为副翼，它用于飞机的横滚，也就是可以使得飞机沿着飞行方向的轴线滚动。大多数客机也可以使用扰流板实现横滚。扰流板是小板，用于破坏机翼上的气体流动。扰流板的作用就是帮助飞机随速度调整在不同速度下的气动外形流场，进而获得接近更理想的气动操作效应。
The outer hinged part of the wing is called the aileron, which is used for aircraft roll, which allows the aircraft to roll along the axis of the flight direction. Most passenger planes can also use spoilers to achieve roll. Spoilers are small plates used to disrupt the airflow on the wings. The function of the spoiler is to help the aircraft adjust its aerodynamic shape and flow field at different speeds, thereby achieving nearly ideal aerodynamic operation effects.
尾翼
Tail wing
为了控制和操纵飞机，较小的机翼位于飞机的尾部。尾部通常有一个固定的水平件，称为水平安定面，和一个固定的垂直件，称为垂直安定面。安定面的作用是为飞机提供稳定性，使其保持直线飞行。在机翼和安定面的后部是小的活动部件，它们通过铰链连接到安定面后部。铰接于水平安定面的件为升降舵，铰接在垂直安定面上的是方向舵，顾名思义，其分别用于控制飞机的升降和方向。
In order to control and manipulate the aircraft, the smaller wings are located at the rear of the aircraft. The tail usually has a fixed horizontal component called a horizontal stabilizer, and a fixed vertical component called a vertical stabilizer. The function of the stabilizer is to provide stability for the aircraft and keep it flying in a straight line. At the rear of the wing and stabilizer are small moving components that are connected to the rear of the stabilizer through hinges. The components hinged on the horizontal stabilizer are elevators, while those hinged on the vertical stabilizer are rudders. As the name suggests, they are used to control the lifting and direction of the aircraft, respectively.
涡轮发动机
turbogenerator
其位于机翼下方（也有的发动机位于靠近尾翼的位置，如我国的ARJ21支线客机），提供的推力来克服飞行时的阻力，并通过机翼产生的空气动力托起飞机（也就是机翼的伯努利原理）。较小的低速飞机使用螺旋桨作为推进系统而不是涡轮发动机。
It is located below the wing (and some engines are located near the tail, such as the ARJ21 regional airliner in China), providing thrust to overcome flight resistance and supporting the aircraft through the aerodynamic force generated by the wing (i.e. the Bernoulli principle of the wing). Smaller low-speed aircraft use propellers as propulsion systems rather than turbo engines.
而战斗机通常将喷气发动机埋在机身内，而不是悬挂在机翼下方的吊舱中，这样以减轻空气阻力，达到更佳的飞行性能。许多战斗机还将水平稳定器和升降机组合起来，形成V字形的尾翼。
Fighters typically embed jet engines inside the fuselage, rather than hanging them in pods below the wings, in order to reduce air resistance and achieve better flight performance. Many fighter jets also combine horizontal stabilizers and elevators to form V-shaped tail wings.
-涡扇发动机模型-
-Turbofan engine model-
起落架
Landing gear
起落架是飞机下部用于起飞降落或地面（水面）滑行时支撑飞机并用于地面（水面）移动的附件装置，水上飞机通常设置成了浮筒，以满足水面上的起降。
The landing gear is an attachment device used by the lower part of an aircraft to support the aircraft during takeoff and landing or ground (water) taxiing, and to move on the ground (water). A seaplane is usually set up as a buoy to meet takeoff and landing on the water surface.
起落架是一种支撑整架飞机的部件，因此它是飞机不可或缺的部份。没有它，飞机便不能在地面移动。当飞机起飞后，可以收回起落架，以减轻飞行阻力。
The landing gear is the only component that supports the entire aircraft, therefore it is an indispensable part of the aircraft. Without it, airplanes cannot move on the ground. After takeoff, the landing gear can be retracted to reduce flight resistance.
上面简单介绍的是客机的基本结构，的波音和空客的客机构造基本如此，但是未来的可以可能会有很大变化，如将机身去除，而将机翼结合成的飞翼飞机，其整个机翼就是机身。
The above is a brief introduction to the basic structure of passenger aircraft. The famous Boeing and Airbus aircraft have similar structures, but there may be significant changes in the future, such as removing the fuselage and combining the wings to form a flying wing aircraft, where the entire wing is the fuselage.
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