船模的制作步骤与方法

The production steps and methods of ship models

　　要制作一艘船模，初学者首先要掌握三点。一，常用基本工具的种类与使用。二，船体的结构。三，看懂图纸。

To make a ship model, beginners first need to master three points. 1、 Types and usage of commonly used basic tools. 2、 The structure of the ship's hull. 3、 Understand the drawings.

　　一，常用基本工具：

1、 Common basic tools:

　　卷尺，钢板尺，角尺，木锯，斜口刀，钩刀，剪刀，木锉刀，小镊子，尖嘴钳，小木工刨，线锯，小台钳。条件具备的话再有手电钻，曲线锯，砂轮机，角磨机，车床等那更得心应手，事半功倍了。还有些消耗品：粘接剂，纱纸，油漆，腻子，漆刷。

Tape measure, steel ruler, angle ruler, wooden saw, diagonal knife, hook knife, scissors, wooden file, small tweezers, pointed nose pliers, small woodworking planer, wire saw, small table pliers. If the conditions are met, there are more convenient options such as hand drills, curve saws, grinding machines, angle grinders, lathes, etc., which can achieve twice the result with half the effort. There are also some consumables: adhesives, gauze, paint, putty, paint brushes.

　　卷尺和钢板尺用来测量材料。木锯，钢锯裁取材料，角尺是画直角或检查直角的尺，船体装配时也经常用到。

A tape measure and a steel plate ruler are used to measure materials. Wooden saws and hacksaws cut materials, and angle rulers are rulers used to draw or inspect right angles, which are also frequently used in ship assembly.

　　制作模型时用的最多的是刀，刀的种类很多，根据需要自制不同的刀，使用一把得心应手的刀有利于提高效率和进度。

The most commonly used tool for making models is the knife, which has many types. Different knives can be made according to needs, and using a handy knife can help improve efficiency and progress.

　　斜口刀是使用方便用途最广的一种刀。可用废的钢锯条在砂轮机上自己磨制，有些文具店也有售，质量相当不错，价格也很便宜。钩刀在裁取薄板时很得心应手。在装潢材料超市能买到。

The oblique blade is the most convenient and versatile type of knife. Scrap steel saw blades can be ground on a grinder, and some stationery stores also sell them. The quality is quite good and the price is also very cheap. The hook knife is very adept at cutting thin plates. You can buy it at the decoration material supermarket.

　　其他的工具都会在制作小零件时用到。

Other tools will be used when making small parts.

　　粘接剂宜使用快干型的，粘接力越大越好。每种胶都各有长处和短处，白乳胶价格低，粘接力也可以，但干的太慢，影响制做效率，所做船模不能下水和受潮。市面上所售的502，效果不错，但对粘合面的平整度要求较高，而且较适宜硬木的粘接。有些快干型的树脂胶更是物美价廉。

It is advisable to use quick drying adhesives, and the greater the bonding force, the better. Each type of adhesive has its own strengths and weaknesses. White latex has a low price and good adhesion, but it dries too slowly, affecting production efficiency. The ship model made cannot be launched or damp. The 502 sold on the market has a good effect, but it requires a high level of smoothness on the bonding surface and is more suitable for bonding hardwood. Some quick drying resin adhesives are even more cost-effective.

　　二，船体的结构：

2、 Hull structure:

　　船体由甲板，船壳板，龙骨，龙筋，肋骨，船首柱，船尾柱等组成。真的舰船的船体结构是十分复杂的，而一般模型

The hull is composed of a deck, shell plating, keel, ribs, bow columns, stern columns, etc. The hull structure of a real ship is very complex, while general models

　　的船体要简单的多。

The ship's hull is much simpler.

　　龙骨：由船体基底贯穿船首船尾的纵向构件。（相当于房屋的大梁）主要承受船体的纵向弯曲力矩。

Keel: A longitudinal component that runs through the bow and stern of a ship from the base of the hull. (Equivalent to the main beam of a house) mainly bears the longitudinal bending moment of the ship's hull.

　　龙筋：由船体四沿贯穿船首船尾的纵向构件。由细木条制作，主要提高船体承受外力的强度。

Dragon tendon: a longitudinal component that runs through the bow and stern of a ship along all four sides of the hull. Made of thin wooden strips, mainly to enhance the strength of the ship's ability to withstand external forces.

　　肋骨：船体内的横面构件。一般用三合板制作。主要承受侧面水压力。

Ribs: Horizontal components within a ship's hull. Usually made of plywood. Mainly withstand lateral water pressure.

　　船壳板：船体的外部面板，用薄木板和木条拼结制作。主要承受船体的纵向弯曲力，水压力，外部撞击力。

Hull panel: The outer panel of the hull, made by splicing thin wooden boards and strips of wood. Mainly withstand the longitudinal bending force, water pressure, and external impact force of the ship's hull.

　　三，看懂图纸：

3、 Understanding drawings:

　　要做船模，首先要学会看懂图纸。一般的船模图纸会包括船的剖线图，外型图，构造图和零件图。外型图，构造图和零件图一般初学者都能看懂，剖线图就有些吃力了。

To make a ship model, one must first learn to understand the drawings. The general ship model drawings will include the ship's sectional drawing, exterior drawing, structural drawing, and parts drawing. Outline drawings, construction drawings, and part drawings are generally understandable to beginners, but sectional drawings can be a bit challenging.

　　剖线图也叫船体线型图。船体是一个不规则的几何体，为了正确标识船体的形状和大小，需要船体线型图来将船体各部分剖开展示。船体线型图有三种：纵剖线型图，横剖线型图，半宽水线图。看图时，一定要弄懂字母和数字的含义。

A sectional diagram, also known as a ship line diagram. The hull is an irregular geometric body, and in order to accurately identify the shape and size of the hull, a hull line diagram is needed to cut open and display the various parts of the hull. There are three types of ship hull line diagrams: longitudinal section line diagram, transverse section line diagram, and half width waterline diagram. When reading a picture, it is important to understand the meaning of letters and numbers.

　　一般在制作船体的时侯，只用横剖线型图就行了，用横剖线做出肋骨，将肋骨按标示的位置一一装到龙骨上，船体的基本形状就出来了。因此横剖线型图也叫肋骨线型图，许多船模图纸只给出横剖线型图，道理就在于此。

Generally, when making a ship, only the cross-sectional line diagram is needed. The ribs are made using the cross-sectional line and installed on the keel one by one according to the marked positions. The basic shape of the ship is then determined. Therefore, the cross-sectional line diagram is also known as the rib line diagram, and many ship model drawings only provide the cross-sectional line diagram, which is why.

　　有了纵剖线型图和横剖线型图，就可以开始制作船体了。

With the longitudinal and transverse section line diagrams, you can start making the hull.

　　用透明纸将纵剖线型图描下来，修整成前部（船首柱）下部和后部（船尾柱）连在一起

Use transparent paper to draw the longitudinal section line diagram, and trim it to connect the front (bow column), lower part, and rear (stern column) together

　　贴在木材上，依线锯下，就是龙骨。

Stick it onto the wood and saw it off along the line to form the keel.

　　用同样方法，将横剖线型图制成全部的肋骨。注意，一般图纸上横剖图因船体对称只画半边，因此描图时先要将透明纸对折，将叠边对准横剖图的中心线，描下所需的某号横剖线，顺线剪下，然后展开白纸即是某号肋骨外型，贴在木板上锯下。[假如是电动模型要 做成框状，以便船体安装其他电动机和电池 ] 制作要细心，尺寸要准确。可用锉刀修饰。

Using the same method, create all the ribs from the cross-sectional line diagram. Note that on general drawings, only half of the horizontal section is drawn due to the symmetry of the ship. Therefore, when drawing, the transparent paper should be folded in half, and the overlapping edges should be aligned with the centerline of the horizontal section. The required number of horizontal section lines should be drawn, cut along the lines, and then unfold the white paper to obtain the shape of the number of ribs, which should be sawn off on the wooden board. If it is an electric model, it should be made into a frame shape for the installation of other motors and batteries on the ship. The production should be careful and the dimensions should be accurate. Can be modified with a file.

　　在肋骨中下部开槽，大小以嵌进龙骨为准，再在肋骨上开好龙筋槽。靠近船首船尾的肋骨要顺应船体的弧线将边缘修整成一定的斜角。

Make a groove in the middle and lower part of the rib, with the size based on the embedded keel, and then make a groove in the rib. The ribs near the bow and stern of the ship should be trimmed to a certain angle according to the curve of the hull.

　　4，然后按图纸上标示的肋骨号码位置将肋骨一一粘在龙骨上。注意肋骨之间要平行，肋骨与龙骨要互相垂直。

4. Then stick the ribs one by one onto the keel according to the rib number and position indicated on the drawing. Note that the ribs should be parallel and the ribs and keel should be perpendicular to each other.

　　5，在肋骨上镶嵌粘结龙筋，增加船体强度。（有些船模不装龙筋，直接贴板）

5. Embed bonded dragon ribs on the ribs to increase the strength of the ship. (Some ship models are not equipped with dragon ribs and are directly pasted with boards)

　　6，龙筋与船首的粘接难度较大，可以借助电吹风加热弯曲和铁夹固定。

6. The adhesion between the dragon tendon and the bow of the ship is difficult, and it can be heated and bent with a hair dryer and fixed with iron clips.

　　7，粘贴底板和侧板。用薄木板裁成细条比较容易粘接。注意拼缝越小越好。胶水凝固慢可以用大头针固定。

7. Paste the bottom and side panels. Cutting thin wooden boards into thin strips is easier to bond. Pay attention to the smaller the seam, the better. Glue can be fixed with a pin if it solidifies slowly.

　　8，粘接甲板。并预先在甲板中间开出框孔，框孔的大小和位置依据舱面建筑部分大小而定，假如不安装电机的话就不用开框孔。

8. Adhesive deck. And a frame hole should be opened in the middle of the deck in advance, and the size and position of the frame hole should be determined based on the size of the cabin building. If the motor is not installed, there is no need to open the frame hole.

　　9，做舱面部分（也就是甲板以上的部件）。根据图纸尺寸用薄木板，木条制作，工序是粘接、补腻子、砂纸打光、

9. Make the deck section (i.e. the components above the deck). According to the drawing dimensions, thin wooden boards and strips are used for production, and the process includes bonding, putty filling, sanding and polishing

　　上漆。

Painting.

　　10，船体基本完工，最后一道工艺是嵌缝与油漆。每艘船模，总有接缝和凹陷不平的地方，这就需要用腻子添补刮平，装潢材料市场有卖现成嵌缝腻子，非常方便好用。假如想自制的话，常用的腻子配方有：熟猪血调干老粉；快干胶调滑石粉；磁漆调石膏粉；喷漆调石膏粉，里面属最后一种腻子效果最好。腻子干后，要细细打磨，不平的地方要刮第二遍腻子，一般多为三遍。

10. The hull is basically completed, and the final process is caulking and painting. Every ship model always has seams and uneven areas, which require putty to be added and scraped flat. The decoration material market sells ready-made joint putty, which is very convenient and easy to use. If you want to make your own putty, the commonly used formula is: dried pig blood seasoned old powder; Quick drying adhesive mixed with talcum powder; Magnetic paint mixed with gypsum powder; Spray paint mixed with gypsum powder, which belongs to the last type of putty with the best effect. After the putty is dry, it needs to be finely polished. For uneven areas, a second layer of putty should be applied, usually three times.

　　11，喷漆或者刷漆。漆要薄，稀，没有杂质，多刷[喷]几遍，每遍之间用细砂纸轻轻打磨。注意：刷漆要用磁漆，并且前道腻子要用油性腻子。磁漆不能和喷漆混合使用。模型晾干时。要放置在没有灰尘，没有阳光直射的通风的地方。有些零件等油漆后再粘接到船体上比较方便些。

11. Spray paint or brush paint. The paint should be thin, thin, and free of impurities. Brush [spray] several times, and gently polish with fine sandpaper between each coat. Attention: When painting, use enamel paint, and the first layer of putty should use oil-based putty. Magnet paint cannot be mixed with spray paint. When the model is air dried. It should be placed in a ventilated area without dust and direct sunlight. It is more convenient to bond some parts to the ship after painting.

　　模型搁架的制作：

Production of Model Shelves:

　　模型搁架也叫模型支架，可以根据自己的喜好自己设计，自由发挥，原则上美观牢固就好。最常见的有立式支架和横搁架这么两种，可以根据艇型选用制作。

The model shelf, also known as the model bracket, can be designed according to one's own preferences and can be freely used. In principle, it should be aesthetically pleasing and sturdy. The most common types are vertical brackets and horizontal brackets, which can be selected and made according to the boat type.

　　立式支架宜成对使用，材料选用铜质或木质都可以，最后要将底部与搁置处紧固结实，粘接或镙丝钉都行。这里告诉初学者一个小窍门，有一些家具的拉手是很漂亮的，买回来稍加整修就能用，效果很好。

Vertical brackets should be used in pairs, and materials such as copper or wood can be used. Finally, the bottom and the resting area should be firmly fastened, bonded or screwed. Here's a little trick for beginners: some furniture handles are very beautiful and can be used with a little renovation after purchase, with good results.

　　还有 一种全新的海浪衬架，将衬架做成仿真的海浪型，材料用的是水泥，泡沫塑料，牙科材料易凝等，有兴趣者不妨动手试试，做的好会将船模衬托的 令自己惊喜不已。

There is also a new sea wave lining frame. The lining frame is made of cement, foam plastic, dental materials that are easy to set. Those who are interested in it may want to try it. If it is done well, it will set off the ship model to surprise themselves.

　　帆船模型制作技巧和注意事项

Techniques and precautions for making sailboat models

　　A：将图纸复印放大或缩小到自己所需要的尺寸，局部放大纵剖、横剖线型图。（街上的打字复印店都能复印放大）。

A: Copy and enlarge the drawings to the desired size, and partially enlarge the vertical and horizontal line diagrams. The typing and copying shops on the street can make copies and enlarge them.

　　然后用透明白纸将纵剖、横剖线图一一描下，贴在木板上（如前所述）锯成龙骨，肋骨，粘接成船架。

Then use transparent white paper to draw the longitudinal and transverse section lines one by one, stick them on the wooden board (as mentioned earlier), saw them into keels and ribs, and bond them together to form the ship frame.

　　B：备齐必要的工具和材料：刻刀，钢锯，尺子。刻刀可以用锯条自己磨制。砂纸240#，600#，1000#各备几张，油漆根据自己的装饰要求准备。一搬有两种装饰漆法，喜欢展示木纹线条的用清漆漆法，图纸上标有实船颜色的而自己又喜欢的就用实船颜色漆法。

B: Prepare necessary tools and materials: knives, hacksaws, rulers. The carving knife can be ground by oneself with a saw blade. Prepare a few sandpapers for 240 #, 600 #, and 1000 # each, and prepare the paint according to your own decoration requirements. There are two types of decorative paint methods for one move. For those who like to display wood grain lines, use the clear paint method. For those marked with the color of the actual ship on the blueprint and those they like, use the real ship color paint method.

　　C：找木料：家中有现成的木料最好，没有可以在装修市场买点装修龙骨和木线（很少的一点钱），回来自己用锯裁成细木条，用砂纸打打光就很不错。薄木板可以用胶合板制作，将胶合板在水里泡透，揭下表层，洗净胶液，压平干透。

C: Looking for wood: It's best to have ready-made wood at home. If you don't have it, you can buy some decoration keel and wood thread (for a small amount of money) at the decoration market. When you come back, you can cut it into thin wooden strips by sawing and sanding it with sandpaper, which is very good. Thin wooden boards can be made of plywood. Soak the plywood thoroughly in water, remove the surface layer, wash the glue, press it flat and dry thoroughly.

　　D：加工圆柱体另件的方法：有车床更好,没有车床就需徒手加工.比如说桅杆，桅杆一头粗一头细，先将木料下成正方形，再将正方形的木柱修成一头粗一头细，正方形的边长要等于圆柱（桅杆）的直径，再将四方的棱角修平,修成8角,再找一块破玻璃碎片，用锐边将8方形的角刮园，用砂纸打光。

D: The method of processing cylindrical parts: It is better to have a lathe, but without a lathe, it needs to be processed by hand. For example, for a mast, one end of the mast is thick and the other end is thin. First, cut the wood into a square, and then trim the square wooden pillar into one end is thick and the other end is thin. The side length of the square should be equal to the diameter of the cylinder (mast). Then, flatten the edges of the square to form eight corners, and find a broken glass fragment. Scrape the corners of the eight squares with a sharp edge and polish them with sandpaper.

　　E：帆绳和缆索最好用棕色、咖啡色的丝线、尼龙线或蜡线，并根据实际功能决定粗细，过粗显的笨拙，过细显得失真无力。有需要作成拉直状态的，可在绳上涂上502胶水拉直，干后既成。

E: It is best to use brown or brown silk thread, nylon thread, or wax thread for sail ropes and cables, and determine the thickness according to the actual function. If it is too thick, it will appear clumsy, and if it is too thin, it will appear distorted and powerless. If it is necessary to make it straight, you can apply 502 glue to the rope to straighten it, and it will be ready after drying.

　　F：帆布的选择：假如是古西洋帆船，可选用泛黄的本白丝绸，按图纸大小裁好后，缝上帆边，（夹上缆绳），在帆布上按上下平行地扎上缝线。（实船上的缝线是起提高帆的强度作用）。安装后，要将帆蓬做成受风鼓起的状态，有两种做法，一种是喷上妇女整发用的定型水，再用电吹风吹鼓定型。另一种是将帆布放在呈弧面的凸模上，刷上一遍透明胶，干后裁剪安装。假如是现代帆船：布料要求薄而密。先画出外形尺寸，（预留缝边）剪下后用缝纫机扎牢返边。主帆和前帆的各个角都要用同样的布料做贴角。并在贴角的中间铆上一个空心铆钉，用来穿绑支索，以保护帆面的强度。

F: Selection of Canvas: If it is an ancient Western sailboat, yellow natural white silk can be used. After cutting according to the size of the blueprint, the sail edge can be sewn on (with a cable clip), and the seams can be tied parallel to the canvas. The stitching on the actual ship serves to enhance the strength of the sail. After installation, the sail canopy should be made in a windy and bulging state. There are two methods: one is to spray women's hair styling water, and then use a hair dryer to blow and shape it. Another method is to place the canvas on a curved convex mold, brush it with a layer of transparent adhesive, and then cut and install it after drying. If it's a modern sailboat: the fabric needs to be thin and dense. First, draw the external dimensions, (reserve the seam edge) cut them off, and then use a sewing machine to tie them firmly and return the edge. The corners of the main sail and front sail should be made of the same fabric for corner fitting. And rivet a hollow rivet in the middle of the corner to tie the support rope and protect the strength of the sail surface.

　　G：桅杆底部要加长几公分，在甲板上打完桅杆孔后，将这几公分抹上胶水，插入孔中。

G: The bottom of the mast needs to be extended by a few centimeters. After drilling the mast holes on the deck, apply glue to these centimeters and insert them into the holes.

　　H：砂纸的使用要先粗后细，每打一道砂纸，就要用腻子将不平处重新抹平，一般船体3—4道砂纸即可。切记要等腻子干后才能打砂纸。

H: The use of sandpaper should be coarse first and then fine. For each layer of sandpaper applied, the uneven areas should be smoothed again with putty. Generally, 3-4 layers of sandpaper are sufficient for the hull. Remember to wait for the putty to dry before sanding.

　　I：刷漆时漆刷蘸漆不可过多，过多容易形成流痕。有的模型要漆水线，可以用分色纸（装修店有卖）先贴住不漆的船体上部，刷完底部后，撕掉分色纸，漆线就很整齐，再贴住下部，换一种其他颜色漆刷完上部。

I: When painting, the paint brush should not be dipped too much, as excessive amount can easily form flow marks. Some models require paint lines. You can use color separation paper (available in the decoration store) to first stick to the unpainted upper part of the ship. After painting the bottom, tear off the color separation paper, and the paint lines will be neat. Then stick to the lower part and paint the upper part with a different color.

　　J：甲板有三种做法，最简单的是在整板上用铅笔画甲板缝线，但真实感较差；用刀尖在整板上刻划甲板缝线，然

J: There are three ways to make a deck, the simplest of which is to draw the deck stitching with a pencil on the entire board, but the realism is poor; Use the tip of a knife to carve the deck seam on the entire board, then

　　后用浅棕色腻粉填染甲板缝，这样做的甲板真实感较好，但从木纹上仍然能看出是整材的。最好的做法是用细木条拼接制作甲板，胶水要调成黑色或棕灰色，胶水干透将整块甲板打磨平整，刷上亚光清漆或家具蜡，拼缝线就清晰自然了。。

After filling the seams of the nail board with light brown greasy powder, the deck feels better, but it can still be seen from the wood grain that it is made of whole wood. The best practice is to use thin wooden strips to splice together and make the deck. The glue should be adjusted to black or brownish gray, and the entire deck should be polished flat after the glue is dry. It should be brushed with matte varnish or furniture wax, and the seam lines will be clear and natural..

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